{"id":5231,"date":"2024-11-04T14:56:16","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T14:56:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/?p=5231"},"modified":"2024-12-11T15:54:50","modified_gmt":"2024-12-11T15:54:50","slug":"egypts-debt-historical-origins-and-persistent-challenges","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/egypts-debt-historical-origins-and-persistent-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"Egypt&#8217;s Debt: Historical Origins and Persistent Challenges"},"content":{"rendered":"<table width=\"778\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"778\">Egypt\u2019s debt has been a cause and outcome of many underlying challenges. Despite adopting various economic systems and ideologies, Egypt&#8217;s debt problem has persisted across all implemented development models, interestingly tied to the country\u2019s economic and political history. Beyond the standard linear measures, Egypt\u2019s debt profile has constantly remained fragile, even during eras when the debt-to-GDP ratio appeared adequate; raising two fundamental questions: what has Egypt\u2019s debt financed and how has it been serviced? The answers reveal that \u2013 over history &#8211; Egypt&#8217;s debt problem has been an outcome of debt-development models, debt servicing strategies, political dominance, external dependency, weak monetary-fiscal management, inadequate accounting systems and weak institutions. External forces, unfair borrowing terms and subsequent global crises have acted as accelerators, making the debt problem increasingly problematic and severe. New debt strategies need to be aware of the global debt and financial architecture, and innovations, alongside the evolving global environment. Meanwhile, these strategies ought to seriously address the longstanding and fundamental debt causes and challenges inherent in Egypt&#8217;s macroeconomic system.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Egypt\u2019s debt has been a cause and outcome of many underlying challenges. Despite adopting various economic systems and ideologies, Egypt&#8217;s debt problem has persisted across all implemented development models, interestingly tied to the country\u2019s economic and political history. Beyond the standard linear measures, Egypt\u2019s debt profile has constantly remained fragile, even during eras when the debt-to-GDP ratio appeared adequate; raising two fundamental questions: what has Egypt\u2019s debt financed and how has it been serviced? The answers reveal that \u2013 over history &#8211; Egypt&#8217;s debt problem has been an outcome of debt-development models, debt servicing strategies, political dominance, external dependency, weak monetary-fiscal management, inadequate accounting systems and weak institutions. External forces, unfair borrowing terms and subsequent global crises have acted as accelerators, making the debt problem increasingly problematic and severe. New debt strategies need to be aware of the global debt and financial architecture, and innovations, alongside the evolving global environment. Meanwhile, these strategies ought to seriously address the longstanding and fundamental debt causes and challenges inherent in Egypt&#8217;s macroeconomic system.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":5166,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[120],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-working-papers"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5231","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5231"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5231\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6022,"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5231\/revisions\/6022"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5166"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5231"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5231"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptedp.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5231"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}