This chapter critically analyses Egypt’s education system in relation to human capital accumulation and its relevance to competence building, as reflected in employment outcomes, focusing on the last three decades. Employing the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) framework, the chapter assesses the education system in Egypt on three levels: input, such as government expenditures on education; progression and participation, reflected in the enrollment rates; and education quality, as well as the correlation between education and employment outcomes. The chapter also addresses the challenges and proposes policies to enhance the system’s dynamism and resilience toward sustainable development, aligned with Egypt’s Vision 2030. The analysis demonstrates that Egypt, with the largest education system in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, has undergone a transformative educational journey marked by recent significant initiatives to promote sustainable development. However, quality education remains a challenge, impeding the alignment between education outcomes and labor market demands, particularly for secondary education and technical and vocational education (TVET).