Economic growth relies on human capital, physical capital, and the factors influencing both. Two-thirds of a nation’s wealth comes from human capital, shaped by the knowledge, skills, and health people gain over time. Egypt has significantly reduced the burden of communicable, maternal, and child health diseases over the last six decades. However, noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have been rising, posing serious economic impacts on productivity and human capital. In 2022, the direct and indirect costs of NCDs, including productivity loss, ranged between 5.04 and 7.74% of GDP, with total economic costs reaching 9.28% of GDP. To address the NCD rise, policies should focus on primary prevention targeting behavioral and environmental risk factors through population-based interventions; secondary prevention and strengthening primary health care across public and private sectors to reduce medical costs; and accelerating Universal Health Insurance System implementation to improve health coverage and productivity.