Egypt’s strategic geographical location and its richness in natural resources distinguish it with great geopolitical and geo-economic importance. significance. The Nile River and the desert areas provide the country with a wide range of opportunities for agriculture, industry, and energy production. Economic management of these resources is of great importance in ensuring the quality of life for people today and for generations to come. It includes both the conservation and utilization of resources in such a manner that the physical potential of the resources is optimally realized to achieve the maximum economic welfare for society. The government also provides legal and institutional frameworks for the optimal use and conservation of resources through policies, laws, and regulations. Last but not least, it involves the development and execution of economic policies well designed to conserve resources and prevent environmental destruction and depletion of resources in vain. Although Egypt made numerous achievements through new reform programs and initiatives; however, Egypt is facing a group of challenges and problems which require active participation and cooperation of the public and private sectors and society as a whole.