Population size, density and characteristics are important determinants of sustainable development. The decrease in fertility levels in the eighties and the nineties was followed by stalled fertility and hence the population in 2020 reached nearly five folds the size of the population in 1950. Providing an overview of population dynamics in Egypt might inform different areas covered in the handbook, especially, human development, social development, labour market, gender aspects of development, poverty, inequality, and environment. The chapter on population dynamics will address (1) the historical perspective of population dynamics, (2) Population growth and its implications on natural resources and basic services, (3) Population characteristics (age structure, sex composition, and nuptiality) and geographical disparities, (4) Determinants of population growth (education level, residence, woman working status, contraceptive use, role of religion), (5) Demographic transition and demographic dividend, (6) Population projections 2020 to 2050 following different scenarios and (7) Population policies and institutional framework. The time frame of the analysis will be 1950-2020 and population will be projected for the period 2020-2050 using census data, household surveys, and vital statistics.